Internet Explorer 11 does not show images on pages

Using Internet Explorer 11 (Version 11.0.9600.18036, with or without compatibility mode), are images not shown which were added by users (User Avatar below top navigation bar, Space Logo, inline images in pages). Global Confluence icon and user avatar are shown correctly in top navigation bar. Confluence standard icons are shown correct everywhere. This problem can not be reproduced with FF or Chrome.

I suspect that it has to do with Content-Type:image/png;charset=UTF-8 in response header, i.e. the same problem described for Jira in JRA-29545