When you start Jira and there is an issue with permissions, Jira will give the following exception:

Jira Home

2018-09-17 12:47:30,600 JIRA-Bootstrap ERROR [c.a.jira.health.HealthChecks] JIRA couldn't create the jira.home directory
2018-09-17 12:47:30,643 JIRA-Bootstrap ERROR [c.a.jira.health.HealthChecks] Ensure JIRA has permission to create and write to the jira.home directory /var/atlassian/jira-home.

Shared Home

2022-07-04 16:51:52,150+0000 JIRA-Bootstrap INFO      [c.a.jira.startup.JiraStartupLogger] Running Jira startup checks.
2022-07-04 16:51:52,150+0000 JIRA-Bootstrap FATAL      [c.a.jira.startup.JiraStartupLogger] Startup check failed. Jira will be locked.

However, theses errors are not very complete as the administrator can check and confirm that the permissions are ok. For example, Inside one of the subdirectories, there may be a permission error or a symlink that is broken and will give this generic message.

The article https://confluence.atlassian.com/jirakb/jira-data-center-node-locking-on-startup-1026542845.html provides some possible guidance, but even with the DEBUG log enabled it can produce little to no information that would assist on troubleshooting.